Russian prepositions explained

На (na) - on,
По (po) - on, upon, anlong, spread all over on top of
Об (ob) - at, against
Под (pod) - under
Против (protiv) - against something, like opposed
Напpотив (naprotiv) - across from
В (v) - in, inside
С (s) - from somewhere, from top of something, with
За (za) - behind something, at something, for someone like a sports team
Из за (iz za) - from behind of something
Из (iz) - from something, from inside of something
Вокруг (vokrug) - around
Около (okolo) - near

Examples:

Prepositions with the nouns:

На столе (na stole) - on the table, на стене (na stene) - on the wall, на море (na more) - by the sea, not on it, if you wanted to say at sea, like on a boat, you'd say: в море (v more). На работе (na rabote) - at work.

The difference between "на" and "по" is: "нa" is static - something is on something and staying there in one place peacefully, but "пo" is referred to something moving.

Ударить по щеке (udaritj po sheke) - to hit on the cheek, Едет по дороге (edet po doroge) - riding along the road, по ветру (po vetru) - on the wind, with the wind, po stene - on the wall, like smear paint.
Я говорю по телефону (ya govorju po telefonu) - I'm talking on the phone.

"Об" is definitely very much about movement. Бить головой об стену (bitj golovoy ob stenu) - to hit the head against the wall.

"Под" is very straight forward: Под столом (pod stolom) - under the table, под землёй (pod zemlyoy) - underground.

"Против"- can have a double meaning, so the context is very important:
Я против криминала (ya protiv kriminala) - I am against crime,
Кто против? () - Who is against?
я стою против него (ya stoyu protiv nego) - I'm standing against him or in front of him, depending on the context;
Я сижу против него (ya sizhu protiv nego) - I'm sitting in front of him (sitting is pretty passive, so you can't really be sitting against someone).
Я напротив магазина (ya naprotiv magazina) - I'm across the street from the store, I'm in front of the store. It also means "on the contrary". Like if someone is saying something, you can say, "напротив" to announce that your argument to the opposite is on it's way.

"В" is used exactly like "in" in English. В плите (v plite) - in the oven, в магазине (v magazine) - in the store, в сумке (v sumke) - in the purse, в кошельке (v koshelke) - in the wallet, в кармане (v karmane) - in the pocket. Except: at sea - в море (v more).

"С" is used to indicate removal from the surface or a top of something:
Спрыгнул с забора (sprignul s zabora) - jumped from the fence
смёл снег с крыльца (smyol sneg s kriljza) - brushed the snow off the porch
спрыгнул со стены (sprignul so steni) - jumped from the wall. In this particular case "c" is changed to "co" because the noun started with an "c" and one more consonant to make it easier to say it. If there is no consonant after "c", "c" stays "c": Снял с себя (snyal s sebya) - took of off himself;
С работы (s raboti) - from work. That's interesting: на работу and с работы - both imply that work is not a place inside some building, so you don't use "из" like for из школы (iz shkoli) - from school. It also implies that whatever work you do, you're always on top of it (even if you suck).
 С интересом (s interesom) - with interest,  с супом (s supom) - with the soup.

За стеной (za stenoy) - behind the wall, za derevom - behind the tree, za rulyom - behind the wheel/at the wheel;
За работой (za rabotoy) - not just at work, but actually busy doing the work!
Он за ту команду (on za tu komandu) - he is for that team.

"Из" is basically the same as "from":
Из магазина - from the store, из сумки (iz sumki) - from the purse, из дома (iz doma) - from the house.
 Это сделано из стекла (eto sdelano iz stekla) - it is made from glass.

Из за решётки (iz za reshotki) - from behind bars, из за леса (iz za lesa) - from behind the woods, из за дерева (iz za dereva) - from behind the tree.

Я хожу вокруг стола (ya hozhu vokrug stola) - I'm walking around the desk.

ya okolo tvoego doma) - I'm near your house.